股权层面的控制权

Control rights at the equity level

（1）掌握绝对控股和相对控股

(1) Mastering absolute and relative control

绝对控股，股份要达到67%以上，企业的决策权才掌握在创始人手中。在绝对控股情况下，股东有修改公司章程合并变更主营项目重大决策的权力

Absolute control requires a shareholding of over 67% in order for the decision-making power of the enterprise to be in the hands of the founder. Under absolute control, shareholders have the right to modify the company's articles of association, merge and change major decisions related to the main business project

相对控股，股份要达到51%的股份。根据中国公司法和公司章程，企业的高决策机构是股东会，股东会普通表决事项，需要二分之一以上多数表决权通过。而少数重大事项，需要三分之二以上表决权通过

Relative control requires a 51% stake. According to the Company Law and Articles of Association of China, the highest decision-making body of a company is the shareholders' meeting. Ordinary voting matters at the shareholders' meeting require more than half of the voting rights to be passed. And for a few major matters, more than two-thirds of the voting rights are required to be passed

所以一般建议创始人的股权占比在67%以上，掌握了控股权，就能控制股东决策，进而控制企业

So it is generally recommended that the founder's equity proportion should be above 67%. Once they have control of the equity, they can control shareholder decisions and thus control the company

（2）投票权和股权的分离

(2) Separation of voting rights and equity

在股权设计上，股权和投票权是可以分开的，创始人通过设计股权结构，以小股权获得大控制权

In terms of equity design, equity and voting rights can be separated, and founders can obtain large control through designing equity structures with small equity interests

从股东手里分离出投票权，主要有三种设计形式：

There are three main design forms for separating voting rights from shareholders:

①投票权委托

① Voting rights delegation

就是公司部分股东通过协议约定，将其投票权委托给其他特定股东（比如创始人）行使

It means that some shareholders of the company entrust their voting rights to other specific shareholders (such as the founder) through an agreement to exercise them

②一致行动人

② Concerted action person

通过协议，某些股东就特定事项采取一致行动。出现意见不一致时，其他股东跟随一致行动人投票

Through an agreement, certain shareholders take unanimous action on specific matters. When there is disagreement, other shareholders follow the unanimous action to vote

③AB股计划

③ AB share plan

同股不同权，即A股每股具有一个投票权，B股每股有多票投票权（一般每股为10票）。普通股东持有A股，创始人持B股，来保障控制权

Same share but different rights, that is, A shares have one voting right per share, and B shares have multiple voting rights per share (usually 10 votes per share). Ordinary shareholders hold A shares, while founders hold B shares to safeguard control rights

董事会层面的控制权

Control at the board level

董事会和股东会是相对独立的，股东没有干预董事会经营决策的权力。创始人要注意控制董事会成员，委派利益相关的董事进入，设立一个“受控制的董事会”。

The board of directors and the shareholders' meeting are relatively independent, and shareholders have no power to interfere with the board's business decisions. The founder should pay attention to controlling the members of the board of directors, appointing directors with relevant interests to enter, and establishing a "controlled board of directors".

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