在A股资本市场上，无论是早期的德隆系，还是现在的明天系、中“一致行动”对植系、安邦系、潮汕系，以及其他资本运作集团或产业投行，“一致行动”的表现形于维持整个资本集团的控制权起到了至关重要的作用。式或明或暗、手法多端，且带有很强的隐蔽性，是增强股东控制权的重要杠杆

In the Chinese A-share capital market, whether it was the early Delong series, or the current Tomorrow series, the "concerted action" played a crucial role in maintaining control over the entire capital group, as well as other capital operation groups or industrial investment banks, such as the Chiba series, Anbang series, Chaoshan series, and other capital operation groups. The use of various methods, whether explicit or covert, with strong concealment, is an important lever for enhancing shareholder control

2.5.1 一致行动协议的三个适用场景

2.5.1 Three Applicable Scenarios of the Consensus Action Protocol

(1)一般情形。针对股东会的表决事项，为了能够达成预期目的，各个-致行动人抱团一致对外，或者在未达成一致意见时，由持股比例大的股东代表一致行动人表决意见。

(1) General situation. Regarding the voting matters at the shareholders' meeting, in order to achieve the expected purpose, all parties involved in the action shall unite in a group to vote externally, or in the absence of consensus, the shareholder with the largest shareholding proportion shall represent the parties involved in the action to vote unanimously.

(2)非上市公司引人新股东的情形。非上市公司通过增资扩股或者老股转让引人新股东后，原有大股东为了能够保持对公司的控制权，有时会要求新加人的股东与其保持一致行动。

(2) The situation where non listed companies attract new shareholders. After non listed companies attract new shareholders through capital increase and share expansion or transfer of old shares, the original major shareholders sometimes require the newly added shareholders to act in concert with them in order to maintain control over the company.

(3)上市公司的一致行动人情形。上市公司部分股东签署一致行动人协议后，相当于在公司股东会之外又建立了一个有法律保障的“小股东会”。常见情形包括:上市公司原有股东形成一致行动铸就控制权壁垒、外部潜伏的股东为了争夺控制权或黑衣骑士举牌行为、通过马甲账户躲避信息披露形成“抽屉一致行动”关系等。针对这种日益复杂的一致行动关系可能带来的负面影响，相关监管部门甚至都开始动用“大数据”来彻查这些体外的一致行动股东关系。

(3) The situation of the concerted action personnel of the listed company. After some shareholders of a listed company sign a unanimous action agreement, it is equivalent to establishing a legally protected "minority shareholders' meeting" outside the company's shareholders' meeting. Common situations include: the original shareholders of a listed company forming a concerted action to create control barriers, external hidden shareholders raising cards to compete for control or black knight behavior, and the formation of a "drawer concerted action" relationship through a vest account to avoid information disclosure. In response to the potential negative impact of this increasingly complex concerted action relationship, relevant regulatory authorities have even begun to use "big data" to thoroughly investigate these external concerted action shareholder relationships.

2.5.2一致行动的四个关键要素

2.5.2 Four key elements of concerted action

“一致行动”一般包括四个基本点:

The concept of 'concerted action' generally includes four basic points:

(1)采取“一致行动”的法律依据是协议、合作、关联方关系等合法方式;(2)采取“一致行动”的手段是行使目标公司的表决权，各个股东拥有的表决权将合并计算;

(1) The legal basis for taking "concerted action" is through legal means such as agreements, cooperation, and related party relationships; (2) The means of taking "concerted action" is to exercise the voting rights of the target company, and the voting rights owned by each shareholder will be consolidated and calculated;

(3)采取“一致行动”的方式是采取相同的意思表示，并且约定如果出现各方意思不一致的情况时，以某一方的意思作为共同的意思;

(3) The method of taking "concerted action" is to adopt the same expression of intention and agree that in the event of inconsistency between the parties, the intention of one party shall be taken as the common intention;

(4)采取“一致行动”的目的是扩大其对目标公司股份的控制比例，或者巩固其对目标公司的控制地位。因此，主导签署一致行动协议的股东不一定都是公司的控股股东，也有可能是公司的小股东。

(4) The purpose of taking "concerted action" is to expand its control over the target company's shares or consolidate its control position over the target company. Therefore, the shareholders who lead the signing of the unanimous action agreement may not necessarily be the controlling shareholders of the company, but may also be minority shareholders of the company.